// Package pgx is a PostgreSQL database driver.
/*
pgx provides a native PostgreSQL driver and can act as a [database/sql/driver]. The native PostgreSQL interface is similar
to the [database/sql] interface while providing better speed and access to PostgreSQL specific features. Use
[github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/stdlib] to use pgx as a database/sql compatible driver. See that package's documentation for
details.

Establishing a Connection

The primary way of establishing a connection is with [pgx.Connect]:

    conn, err := pgx.Connect(context.Background(), os.Getenv("DATABASE_URL"))

The database connection string can be in URL or key/value format. Both PostgreSQL settings and pgx settings can be
specified here. In addition, a config struct can be created by [ParseConfig] and modified before establishing the
connection with [ConnectConfig] to configure settings such as tracing that cannot be configured with a connection
string.

Connection Pool

[*pgx.Conn] represents a single connection to the database and is not concurrency safe. Use package
[github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool] for a concurrency safe connection pool.

Query Interface

pgx implements [Conn.Query] in the familiar database/sql style. However, pgx provides generic functions such as [CollectRows] and
[ForEachRow] that are a simpler and safer way of processing rows than manually calling defer [Rows.Close], [Rows.Next],
[Rows.Scan], and [Rows.Err].

[CollectRows] can be used collect all returned rows into a slice.

    rows, _ := conn.Query(context.Background(), "select generate_series(1,$1)", 5)
    numbers, err := pgx.CollectRows(rows, pgx.RowTo[int32])
    if err != nil {
      return err
    }
    // numbers => [1 2 3 4 5]

[ForEachRow] can be used to execute a callback function for every row. This is often easier than iterating over rows
directly.

    var sum, n int32
    rows, _ := conn.Query(context.Background(), "select generate_series(1,$1)", 10)
    _, err := pgx.ForEachRow(rows, []any{&n}, func() error {
      sum += n
      return nil
    })
    if err != nil {
      return err
    }

pgx also implements [Conn.QueryRow] in the same style as database/sql.

    var name string
    var weight int64
    err := conn.QueryRow(context.Background(), "select name, weight from widgets where id=$1", 42).Scan(&name, &weight)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

Use [Conn.Exec] to execute a query that does not return a result set.

    commandTag, err := conn.Exec(context.Background(), "delete from widgets where id=$1", 42)
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    if commandTag.RowsAffected() != 1 {
        return errors.New("No row found to delete")
    }

PostgreSQL Data Types

pgx uses the [pgtype] package to converting Go values to and from PostgreSQL values. It supports many PostgreSQL types
directly and is customizable and extendable. User defined data types such as enums, domains,  and composite types may
require type registration. See that package's documentation for details.

PostgreSQL arrays (including results from set-returning aggregates such as array_agg)
can be scanned directly into a matching Go slice. For scalar columns, pass the slice
as the scan destination:

    var ids []int64
    err := conn.QueryRow(ctx, "select array_agg(id) from things").Scan(&ids)

For a column that is part of a row, combine the slice with the usual row-to-struct
helpers. A struct field of slice type will pick up the array_agg column when
collected via [CollectRows] and [RowToStructByName] (or
[RowToAddrOfStructByPos]):

    type ThingEntry struct {
        GroupID  int64
        ThingIDs []int64 `db:"thing_ids"`
    }

    rows, _ := conn.Query(ctx,
        "select group_id, array_agg(thing_id) as thing_ids from things group by group_id")
    entries, err := pgx.CollectRows(rows, pgx.RowToStructByName[ThingEntry])

Transactions

Transactions are started by calling [Conn.Begin].

    tx, err := conn.Begin(context.Background())
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    // Rollback is safe to call even if the tx is already closed, so if
    // the tx commits successfully, this is a no-op
    defer tx.Rollback(context.Background())

    _, err = tx.Exec(context.Background(), "insert into foo(id) values (1)")
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    err = tx.Commit(context.Background())
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

The [Tx] returned from [Conn.Begin] also implements the [Tx.Begin] method. This can be used to implement pseudo nested transactions.
These are internally implemented with savepoints.

Use [Conn.BeginTx] to control the transaction mode. [Conn.BeginTx] also can be used to ensure a new transaction is created instead of
a pseudo nested transaction.

[BeginFunc] and [BeginTxFunc] are functions that begin a transaction, execute a function, and commit or rollback the
transaction depending on the return value of the function. These can be simpler and less error prone to use.

    err = pgx.BeginFunc(context.Background(), conn, func(tx pgx.Tx) error {
        _, err := tx.Exec(context.Background(), "insert into foo(id) values (1)")
        return err
    })
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

Prepared Statements

Prepared statements can be manually created with the [Conn.Prepare] method. However, this is rarely necessary because pgx
includes an automatic statement cache by default. Queries run through the normal [Conn.Query], [Conn.QueryRow], and [Conn.Exec]
functions are automatically prepared on first execution and the prepared statement is reused on subsequent executions.
See [ParseConfig] for information on how to customize or disable the statement cache.

Copy Protocol

Use [Conn.CopyFrom] to efficiently insert multiple rows at a time using the PostgreSQL copy protocol. [Conn.CopyFrom] accepts a
[CopyFromSource] interface. If the data is already in a [][]any use [CopyFromRows] to wrap it in a [CopyFromSource] interface.
Or implement [CopyFromSource] to avoid buffering the entire data set in memory.

    rows := [][]any{
        {"John", "Smith", int32(36)},
        {"Jane", "Doe", int32(29)},
    }

    copyCount, err := conn.CopyFrom(
        context.Background(),
        pgx.Identifier{"people"},
        []string{"first_name", "last_name", "age"},
        pgx.CopyFromRows(rows),
    )

When you already have a typed array using [CopyFromSlice] can be more convenient.

    rows := []User{
        {"John", "Smith", 36},
        {"Jane", "Doe", 29},
    }

    copyCount, err := conn.CopyFrom(
        context.Background(),
        pgx.Identifier{"people"},
        []string{"first_name", "last_name", "age"},
        pgx.CopyFromSlice(len(rows), func(i int) ([]any, error) {
            return []any{rows[i].FirstName, rows[i].LastName, rows[i].Age}, nil
        }),
    )

CopyFrom can be faster than an insert with as few as 5 rows.

Listen and Notify

pgx can listen to the PostgreSQL notification system with the [Conn.WaitForNotification] method. It blocks until a
notification is received or the context is canceled.

    _, err := conn.Exec(context.Background(), "listen channelname")
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }

    notification, err := conn.WaitForNotification(context.Background())
    if err != nil {
        return err
    }
    // do something with notification


Tracing and Logging

pgx supports tracing by setting [ConnConfig.Tracer]. To combine several tracers you can use the [github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/multitracer.Tracer].

In addition, the [github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/tracelog] package provides the [github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/tracelog.TraceLog] type which lets a
traditional logger act as a [QueryTracer].

For debug tracing of the actual PostgreSQL wire protocol messages see [github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgproto3].

Lower Level PostgreSQL Functionality

[github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgconn] contains a lower level PostgreSQL driver roughly at the level of libpq. [Conn] is
implemented on top of [pgconn.PgConn]. The [Conn.PgConn] method can be used to access this lower layer.

PgBouncer

By default pgx automatically uses prepared statements. Prepared statements are incompatible with PgBouncer. This can be
disabled by setting a different [QueryExecMode] in [ConnConfig.DefaultQueryExecMode].
*/
package pgx

import (
	_  // Just for allowing godoc to resolve "pgconn"
)